An economy’s output of goods and services is the sum of four components: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports (the difference between what a country sells to and buys from ...

Discover what black box models are, their applications in finance and investing, and examples of how they drive decision-making without revealing internal processes.

Excel and Google Sheets have three functions to calculate the internal rate of return: IRR, XIRR, and MIRR. Learn how these functions can calculate investment returns.