Appropriate needle sizes for i.m. injections are 30, 27 and 25 gauge for small, medium and large birds, respectively. Figure 3: The large pectoral muscles are used for i.m. injections.

When selecting needles to vaccinate or treat cattle, there are several factors to consider to make the right decisions for overall herd health and best management practices.

It is helpful to gauge patient understanding ... whereas others insert the needle slowly, perhaps taking 30 seconds or longer to reach the muscle, for an IM injection. Although injecting this ...

The piOna auto-injector warms the oil to make it less viscous and then uses a syringe fitted with a 22-gauge (1.5-inch) needle to inject ... I have to say that I'm impressed as I believe any ...

You can access a range of bibliographical databases with your NHS OpenAthens account. Sign in to see what you can access. You can access bibliographic databases from the providers' websites. For ...