In 2021, The Hague District Court ordered Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45% by 2030, but appeals judges ruled that if Shell reduces its emissions, other companies would simply fill the void.

The energy company appealed after it had been ordered to cut its carbon emissions by net 45% by 2030 compared to 2019 levels.

Oil and gas major Shell on Tuesday won an appeal against a landmark ruling that required it to accelerate carbon reduction efforts, dealing a blow to campaigners who have turned to legal channels to pursue climate action.